The report  (A/HRC/20/17) “builds on the previous work of the Special Rapporteur regarding the issue of the protection of journalists and media freedom, and focuses particularly on situations outside of armed conflict.” 

The report (A/HRC/11/4) focuses on the Special Rapporteur’s "vision and priorities for the mandate." Among others, the Rapporteur makes "preliminary reflections on the issue of limitations to the right to freedom of opinion and expression", he included a section on the "right to access to information in situations of extreme poverty", and a section on "safety and protection of media professionals, including the protection of journalists working in conflict zones." 

The report (A/HRC/31/66) presents a “compilation of practical recommendations for the proper management of assemblies. In each section of the compilation the special rapporteurs provide a summary of applicable international legal standards, followed by practical recommendations on how those principles might be implemented, with the aim of ensuring better protection of the various rights of those engaged in assemblies.” 

Resolution 68/167 on the right to privacy in the digital age.

The report (A/HRC/32/36) is divided into five sections. In section III, the Special Rapporteur “addresses the phenomenon of fundamentalism and its impact on the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. In section IV, he examines the positive role that assembly and association rights can play in preventing the spread of extremism and radicalization. The Special Rapporteur outlines his conclusions and his recommendations to various stakeholders in section V.” 

The report (A/71/385) “report examines the exercise and enjoyment of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace, with a focus on the most marginalized portions of the world’s labour force, including global supply chain workers, informal workers, migrant workers, domestic workers and others.”

The report (A/HRC/29/25) is divided in four sections. In section III, the Special Rapporteur “addresses legislation and practices concerning natural resource exploitation that present challenges to the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association.” 

 The report (A/68/299) “addresses concerns about the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the context of elections. The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned about increasing human rights violations and abuses, which are being committed in several parts of the world against those who exercise or seek to exercise such rights in the context of elections and which indelibly mar such elections.” 

The report (A/HRC/23/39) is divided into five chapters. In “chapters III and IV, the Special Rapporteur addresses two issues he considers to be among the most significant ones of his mandate, namely funding of associations and holding of peaceful assemblies.” 

The report (A/HRC/20/27) is divided into four chapters. In “chapter III, the Special Rapporteur highlights best practices that promote and protect the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. [The Special Rapporteur also addresses the ‘Common Principles’ which include the legal framework and the environment in which these rights are exercised […] This chapter ends with an emphasis on the right to an effective remedy and accountability for human rights violations and abuses.”

Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and "Fake News", Disinformation and Propaganda

Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Countering Violent Extremism.

"This Joint Declaration addresses systematic or targeted attacks on freedom of expression which are aimed at silencing certain perspectives or voices, whether internationally, nationally or locally, and State responses to such attacks. Such attacks are perpetrated in different contexts, including of international and non-international armed conflicts, terrorist attacks and widespread organized crime."

Joint Declaration on the General Principles on Crimes against Freedom of Expression, Obligations to Prevent and Prohibit, Obligations to Protect, Independent, Speedy and Effective Investigations, Redress for Victims and the Role of other stakeholders

Joint Declaration about Censorship by Killing and Defamation

Joint Declaration about Countering Terror, Broadcasting and the Internet

Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Administration of Justice, Commercialisation and Freedom of Expression, and Criminal Defamation

 Joint Declaration on the Internet and on Anti-Terrorist Measures

Joint Declaration on Diversity of Outlet, Source and Content in Broadcasting

Joint Declaration on Defamation of Religions, and Anti-Terrorism and Anti-Extremism Legislation.

Joint Declaration on the Overall Environment for Media and Elections and on Public Media.

The Special Rapporteurs identify the ten key challenges to freedom of expression in the next decade: Mechanisms of Government Control over the Media, Criminal Defamation, Violence Against Journalists, Limits on the Right to Information, Discrimination in the Enjoyment of the Right to Freedom of Expression, Commercial Pressures, Support for Public Service and Community Broadcasters, Security and Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Expression on the Internet, Access to Information and Communications Technologies.

Joint Declaration on the Regulation of the Media, Restrictions on Journalists, and on Investigating Corruption.

Joint Declaration On Publishing Confidential Information, Openness of National and International Public Bodies, Freedom of Expression and Cultural/Religious Tensions, and Impunity in Cases of Attacks Against Journalists.

This document is a " step-by-step checklist for monitoring implementation of the practical recommendations on the management of assemblies report by United Nations Special Rapporteurs Maina Kiai and Christof Heyns (A/HRC/31/66)"

First Joint Declaration of the International Mechanisms for Promoting Freedom of Expression

The report “examines the crucial challenges of balancing the fundamental rights to privacy and freedom of expression, and the related value of transparency, in an online context. Through an exploration of their boundaries and of the various modalities of reconciling and aligning these rights and values, the study analyzes the legal frameworks at play, specific cases, and interactions between multiple players. Built on the findings, it provides policy recommendations for key stakeholders.”

“The initial part of the Study consists of a review of literature relevant to the principle of multistakeholder participation in Internet governance […]. In addition, the Study investigates how the principle of multistakeholder participation has been applied in practice in four case studies. Due to the primary focus of UNESCO’s work, the Study focuses on cases of multistakeholder participation in Internet governance and related topics that are or were conducted with the aim of supporting Internet Universality. In no specific order, the Study’s case studies move from Kenya to Brazil, South Korea, and an initiative under the auspices of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).”

“This study encompasses both quantitative and qualitative assessments of more than 50 declarations, guidelines, and frameworks. The issues contained in these documents are assessed in the context of UNESCO’s  interested areas such as access, freedom of expression, privacy, ethics, Priority Gender Equality, and Priority Africa, and sustainable development, etc.”

"This book explores the legal and regulatory systems governing public service broadcasters in eight different countries around the world, looking at the services they provide, the way in which their mandates are defined, their internal governance systems, mechanisms of oversight or accountability and funding. In selecting the various countries, an attempt has been made to ensure wide geographic representation, while including only countries that have a strong commitment to public service broadcasting. Special emphasis has been placed on the strategies that have evolved over the years to ensure that public service broadcasters are not undermined by two critical phenomena: external control (political or other), particularly over editorial output, and inadequate public funding. The book outlines tested approaches to resolving these key problems, but it also highlights innovative systems that are being piloted in different countries to address some of the new challenges that face public service broadcasters."

“The articles in this book, several by journalists with personal experience of harassment or violence, explore the problem from many angles. Although all agree that violence against journalists for doing their job is morally and legally unacceptable under any circumstances, there are differing points of view about whether journalists should be afforded extra legal protection under international humanitarian law.”

“While the rapidly emerging digital environment offers great opportunities for journalists to investigate and report information in the public interest, it also poses particular challenges regarding the privacy and safety of journalistic sources. These challenges include: mass surveillance as well as targeted surveillance, data retention, expanded and broad antiterrorism measures, and national security laws and over-reach in the application of these.”

In the report (A/73/348), the Special Rapporteur "explores the implications of artificial intelligence technologies for human rights in the information environment, focusing in particular on rights to freedom of opinion and expression, privacy and non-discrimination."

The report (A/HRC/38/35) examines "the regulation of user-general online content, the Special Rapporteur examines the role of States and social media companies in providing an enabling environment for freedom of expression and access to information online. In the face of contemporary threats such as “fake news” and disinformation and online extremism, the Special Rapporteur urges States to reconsider speech-based restrictions and adopt smart regulation targeted at enabling the public to make choices about how and whether to engage in online fora. The Special Rapporteur also conducts an in-depth investigation of how Internet companies moderate content on major social media platforms, and argues that human rights law gives companies the tools to articulate their positions in ways that respect democratic norms and counter authoritarian demands. The report is the culmination of a year-long series of consultations, visits to major internet companies and a wide range of State and civil society input."

The report (A/HRC/35/22) “addresses the roles played by private actors engaged in the provision of Internet and telecommunications access. [The Special Rapporteur] begins by examining State obligations to protect and promote freedom of expression online, then evaluates the digital access industry’s roles, to conclude with a set of principles that could guide the private sector’s steps to respect human rights.” 

The report (A/71/373) “addresses contemporary challenges to freedom of expression. He assesses trends relating to the permissible restrictions laid out in article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and concludes with recommendations that the United Nations, States and civil society may take to promote and protect freedom of opinion and expression.”

The report (A/HRC/29/32) “addresses the use of encryption and anonymity in digital communications. Drawing from research on international and national norms and jurisprudence, and the input of States and civil society, the report concludes that encryption and anonymity enable individuals to exercise their rights to freedom of opinion and expression in the digital age and, as such, deserve strong protection.” 

The report (A/HRC/32/38) addresses “the intersection of State regulation, the private sector and freedom of expression in a digital age. In it, the Special Rapporteur examines the legal framework that pertains to freedom of expression and principles applicable to the private sector, identifies key participants in the information and communications technology sector that implicate freedom of expression, and introduces legal and policy issues that he will explore over the course of his mandate.”

“Drawing on international and national law and practice, the Special Rapporteur highlights [in his report (A/70/361)] the key elements of a framework for the protection of sources and whistle-blowers.”

Section III of the report (E/CN.4/2005/64) "contains a discussion of issues relevant to the mandate, including the right to access to information, the right to access to information for the purposes of education on, and prevention of, HIV/AIDS, and the right to freedom of opinion and expression in the context of counter-terrorism measures.”

 Chapter II of the report  (A/HRC/7/14) "presents an overall review of the main issues addressed by the Special Rapporteur throughout his mandate, specifically in the realms of the right of access to information, safety and protection of media professionals, legal restrictions on freedom of opinion and expression as well as the impact of freedom of expression on the realization of other human rights."

The report (A/HRC/4/27) is divided in three chapters. Chapter III addresses, among others, "future establishment of an intergovernmental body dealing with Internet governance and its role in limiting commercial pressure on, inter alia, a human rights approach to Internet freedom. The Special Rapporteur also addresses the necessity of swift action from Governments and Parliaments in order to decriminalize defamation and related offences. Finally, the Special Rapporteur examines the most recent initiatives with regard to security and protection of journalists and media professionals, and their repercussion on the availability of independent information and opinion-making. In addition to the proposed study on this matter, the Special Rapporteur also launches the idea of a voluntary fund to provide financial relief to the families of journalists killed while performing their duties or because of their activities, especially in developing countries” 

 Resolution A/HRC/32/L.20 on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet. Adopted at the 32nd session. 

Resolution A/HRC/20/L.13 on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet. Adopted at the 20th session. 

Resolution A/HRC/RES/12/16 on Freedom of opinion and expression. Adopted at the 12th Session.

Joint declaration on violence against journalists and media workers in the context of protests.

The Special Rapporteurs on Freedom of Expression "called on the United States to be vigorous in protecting freedom of speech on the Internet. The Special Rapporteurs recalled that legislation regulating the Internet should take into account the special characteristics of the Internet as a unique and transformative tool that enables billions of individuals to exercise their right to freedom of thought and expression as well as a range of other human rights."

"In light of ongoing developments related to the release of diplomatic cables by the organization Wikileaks, and the publication of information contained in those cables by mainstream news organizations, the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression see fit to recall a number of international legal principles. The rapporteurs call upon States and other relevant actors to keep these principles in mind when responding to the aforementioned developments."

"In response to the release of information on secret surveillance programs used in the fight against terrorism and the defense of national security that could severely affect the right to freedom of thought and expression and the right to privacy, the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression and the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the OAS Inter-American Commission on Human Rights consider it necessary to highlight a series of international legal principles on the issue."

“This guide was designed as a basic and synthetic input to help judges and legal practitioners across the Americas who must apply international (especially inter-American) standards that enshrine and protect the fundamental right to freedom of expression.” Available only in Spanish.

“The murder of journalists for doing their jobs constitutes a grave violation of the right to freedom of expression, both on an individual and collective level. This study seeks to analyze the situation surrounding the violent deaths of reporters and other members of the media throughout the region.” 

The report  “describes the jurisprudence of various systems for protection of human rights regarding public protests and their possible limitations. The objective was to contribute to interpretation of public protests as an exercise of freedom of expression and freedom of assembly in the framework of the Inter-American System.”

“The phenomenon [of silenced zones] occurs in several regions of the Americas whose communities are being misinformed and silenced by the violence unleashed by organized crime to ensure their illicit ends, in some cases acting in complicity with local or regional authorities infiltrated by these groups. This report also seeks to deepen the dialogue with state institutions, civil society and the media through the development of recommendations focused on prevention, protection and criminal prosecution of those responsible.”

“Over the past decade, a significant number of countries in the region have enacted access to public information laws and created bodies to oversight this right. In this report, the Office of the Special Rapporteur outlines the regulatory framework and institutional structure of some of these bodies established to supervise and promote the implementation of laws on access to public information and the resolution of disputes related to the disclosure of information.” 

“This publication presents a revision of the evolution that the transition from analog to digital free-to-air television has had in the hemisphere, given that several countries are in full transition and others have not even begun this process which involves a deep technological change and decision-making can affect the right to freedom of expression. The role of media in a democratic society implies that any decision on the transition to digital television must observe the guarantees related to the exercise of freedom of expression, legal certainty and the promotion of diversity principles and pluralism in all platforms.” 

The report “reviews current principles and summarizes the Inter-American case law and the advances made throughout the world, with the understanding that the right to freedom of expression is instrumental to the exercise of human rights on the Internet.”

“This report presents a review of international standards in the field of prevention, protection and the fight against impunity in crimes against journalists. In this report, among other things, the progress and challenges of programs and mechanisms in the field of protection and prevention of violence against journalists that certain countries in the region have developed are studied, and specific recommendations are presented to improve protection for journalists and the fight against impunity of these crimes.” 

 “In this follow-up report, the Office of the Special Rapporteur lays out the most important aspects of the laws in some of the Member States in which access laws have been approved or legal frameworks for access are reflected in administrative provisions of a general nature. Thus, this report presents an overview of the normative framework surrounding the right to access to information provided by specialized laws on the subject in Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, the United States, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay.”

“This book explains the principles that should be followed in designing and implementing a legal framework that guarantees the right of access to information. Likewise, it presents the minimum requirements of the right according to regional doctrine and jurisprudence, and, finally, it presents a series of domestic rulings from countries in the region that, in the Office of the Special Rapporteur’s opinion, constitute best practices on the subject of access to information and should therefore be distributed and discussed.” 

“This book explains the principles that should be followed in designing and implementing a legal framework that guarantees the right of access to information. Likewise, it presents the minimum requirements of the right according to regional doctrine and jurisprudence. The second part of the book includes a series of domestic rulings from countries in the region that, in the Office of the Special Rapporteur’s opinion, constitute best practices on the subject of access to information and should therefore be distributed and discussed.”

PowerPoint Presentation created by the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights. This presentation is used by the Office in their training sessions. It addresses the Inter-American human rights system, explains the mandate of the Office of the Special Rapporteur, and refers to the jurisprudence and standards on: prohibition of prior censorship, prohibition of desacato laws, proportionality of subsequent liability, prohibition of indirect restrictions on speech, access to information and violence against media workers. .

“This paper attempts to take stock of the recent and past experiences of advocating for the right to freedom of information, and particularly for access to government-held information […] Introduced by a short reflection on the right itself, this paper reviews some of the key characteristics of the success of the last 20 years as far as the right to freedom of information and freedom of information laws are concerned and it then moves to analyse some of the current trends (the what’s new part of the above quote). In the last section, the paper draws on the various findings and lessons, potential or real, to propose to initiate a new generation of right to freedom of information activism.”

Interactive map showing countries with no right to information law or initiative/No information available; countries with a pending right to information bill or initiative; countries with a right to information regulation; and Countries with a right to information law

"In this policy brief, ARTICLE 19 outlines its position on the compatibility of blocking and/or filtering of online content with international standards on human rights, in particular the right to freedom of expression"

In this policy brief, ARTICLE 19 provides comprehensive recommendations on how to ensure protection of the right to freedom of expression with regard to the so-called “right to be forgotten.” 

"This report reviews the current state of the right of access to information across the world to provide a baseline for future assessments over the lifetime of the 2030 Agenda. It finds that there has been significant incorporation of the right in well over half of UN Member States. The right has now been adopted into law or policy in 118 countries around the world (61 percent of UN Member States) from the largest countries (China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria and Mexico) to some of the smallest (St Vincent and the Grenadines, Vanuatu) covering 89 percent of the world’s population. In addition, 90 countries have adopted explicit constitutional guarantees. Many countries are also implementing transparency initiatives such as e-government or open data which supplement the right but generally do not fully ensure the right of access to all information."

"The Report aims to illustrate, for the benefit of disaster-affected populations, people acting on their behalf, journalists and relief workers, the importance of information in disaster relief operations, in some cases based on binding legal standards"

"These Principles set out an appropriate balance between the human right to freedom of expression, guaranteed in UN and regional human rights instruments, as well as nearly every national constitution, and the need to protect individual reputations, widely recognised by international human rights instruments and the law in countries around the world. The Principles are based on the premise that, in a democratic society, freedom of expression must be guaranteed and may be subject only to narrowly drawn restrictions which are necessary to protect legitimate interests, including reputations. In particular, they set out standards
of respect for freedom of expression to which legal provisions designed to protect reputations should, at a minimum, conform."

ARTICLE 19 submitted a response to the UN Special Rapporteur on free expression’s call for comments on the role of the private sector in the digital age. In their submission, ARTICLE 19 addressed the following issues: 1) The categories of actors in the digital sector whose activities implicate the freedom of opinion and expression; 2) The main legal issues raised for freedom of opinion and expression within the digital sector; 3) The conceptual and normative work already in place to develop corporate responsibility and human rights frameworks in these spaces, including governmental, inter-governmental, civil society, corporate and multi-stakeholder efforts; and 3) they also provide country specific information (Brazil).

These Principles “elaborate a set of minimum standards for the respect, protection and fulfilment of the right to protest, while promoting a clear recognition of the limited scope of permissible restrictions. They represent a progressive interpretation of international human rights standards, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; of regional human rights standards; of accepted and evolving state practice […]; and of the general principles of law recognised by the community of nations; in particular the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, the standards elaborated by special procedures of the UN Human Rights Council […], and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly.”

"This scoping paper focuses on applications of ‘artificial narrow intelligence’: in particular, machine learning and its implications for human rights. The aim of the paper is fourfold: 1) Present key technical definitions to clarify the debate; 2) Examine key ways in which AI impacts the rights to freedom of expression and privacy and outline key challenges; 3) Review the current landscape of AI governance, including various existing legal, technical, and corporate frameworks and industry-led AI initiatives that are relevant to freedom of expression and privacy; and 4) Provide initial suggestions for rights-based solutions which can be pursued by civil society organisations and other stakeholders in AI advocacy activities.

"This ARTICLE 19 policy paper proposes a set of recommendations to be used for interpreting and implementing those international obligations which prohibit all advocacy that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence (“incitement” or “incitement to hatred”), as mandated by Article 20(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”). The recommendations also apply to some of the provisions contained in Article 4 of the International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“ICERD”)."

This is a report submitted to the Australian Law Reform Commission’s Review of Sedition Laws. The report is relevant for the arguments it advances against sedition Laws from a constitutional perspective. While the report is set in an Australian context, it includes international perspectives of sedition law, and is therefore relevant of other jurisdictions.

"In this policy, ARTICLE 19 examines the obligations of telecommunications (telcos) and Internet service providers (ISPs) to protect and respect human rights, in particular the right to freedom of expression, and to remedy violations of these rights."

ARTICLE 19 has submitted our response to the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom expression’s call for comments on the issue of ‘content regulation in the digital age’. In the submission, they address risks to freedom of expression posed by developments in, and increased resort to, online content regulation, including in the following areas: 1) Companies’ compliance with state laws; 2) Companies’ self-regulatory initiatives; 3) Global take-down orders; 4) Insufficient reflection of the interests of users who face particular risks in companies’ Terms of Service; 5) Availability of appeals and remedies; 6) Algorithmic decision-making; amd 7) Lack of transparency. 

In this policy brief, ARTICLE 19 examines the compliance of dominant social media platforms – Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube (owned by Google) – with international freedom of expression standards; and gives practical recommendations on what companies should do to demonstrate their commitment to protecting of freedom of expression.

This toolkit "provides a guide to identifying ’hate speech‘ and how effectively counter it, while protecting the rights to freedom of expression and equality. It responds to a growing demand for clear guidance on identifying “hate speech,” and for responding to the challenges ‘hate speech’ poses within a human rights framework."

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses interviews  Mishi Choudhary on the Repeal of Section 66A

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses interviews  Mishi Choudhary on India's Internet Ecosystem

How are the rights of journalists protected, and how are these rights violated? In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on the legal means through which that protection, and indeed the violation, take place. Specifically, journalists licensing.

How are the rights of journalists protected, and how are these rights violated? In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on the legal means through which that protection, and indeed the violation, take place. Specifically, the protection of sources.

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on the ECtHR Jurisprudence on Incitement

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on a case from the European Court: Wegrzynowski and Smolczewski v. Poland

In two segments of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on a legitimate restriction to freedom of expression, the so-called incitement speech. In this second segment, Dr. Agnes Callamard will first explain why it is a form of expression that is particularly egregious and dangerous as compared to other kinds of hate speech or extreme speech. Dr. Callamard will then highlight some of the key jurisprudence decisions related to incitement speech and to a lesser extent to some form of hate speech. And in conclusion, Dr. Callamard will extract from the jurisprudence some of the key element which are constitutive of incitement speech in order to ground the determination of whether or not we are dealing with incitement speech on firmer basis given the lack of precision and the contradiction of international provisions.

In two segments of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on a legitimate restriction to freedom of expression, the so-called incitement speech. In this first segment, Callamard first reviews the various provisions related to incitement speech, but also related to its close cousin, called hate speech. Because both provisions on incitement and hate speech, may be brought together under the same provision. Dr. Callamard discusses those various provision, what they mean, and their differences, if not contradiction. She then briefly discusses how regional convention and national systems have addressed incitement and hate speech, focusing in particular on the U.S. First Amendment. Dr. Callamard ends the segment by trying to make sense of this very difficult and imprecise area of law.

In three segments of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard reviews the legitimate restriction to freedom of expression under International Human Rights Standard. The question that Callamards aims to answer is under which conditions can restricting free speech be legitimate. The answer to that question is located in the wording of the international or regional provisions related to freedom of expression which had resulted in the so-called Three Part Test. In this second segment, Callamard considers the 2nd step, that of the valid grounds for the restriction.

In three segments of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard reviews the legitimate restriction to freedom of expression under International Human Rights Standard. The question that Callamards aims to answer is under which conditions can restricting free speech be legitimate. The answer to that question is located in the wording of the international or regional provisions related to freedom of expression which had resulted in the so-called Three Part Test. In this third segment, Callamard considers the third step: the test of necessity, which by all definition is probably the most important one in that three part test.

In three segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard reviews the legitimate restriction to freedom of expression under International Human Rights Standard. The question that Callamards aims to answer is under which conditions can restricting free speech be legitimate. The answer to that question is located in the wording of the international or regional provisions related to freedom of expression which had resulted in the so-called Three Part Test. In this first segment, Callamard focuses on the first test, or step, the test of legality. She explains what it means by presenting the conclusions of various expert bodies, as well as some decisions by the international jurisprudence.

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Tais Gasparian explains the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for Internet Use. In June 2014, Law 12,965 came into force, which established principles and guarantees and rights for internet use in Brazil. Due to its significance, it was called the Civil Rights Framework for Internet Use, and it aims to secure rights and liabilities in regard to use of digital media. Basically, this law is characterized as being legislation that guarantees rights, and that does not restrict freedoms.

Press freedom has been highlighted time and time again as fundamental to democratic societies and to human rights. In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard seeks to achieve three objectives. First, identify the current threats and challenges to press freedom. In the second part, review quickly some of the main arguments for press freedom and thirdly, highlight the main principle that should guide any state intervention and interference with the media.

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Dinah PoKempner talks about surveillance and human rights today.

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard interviews Mishi Choudhary. Choudhary addresses the challenges ahead on intermediary liability

In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard looks at the principles of media regulation and pluralism and independence in the context of the broadcasting media, meaning television and radio. Callamard also shows how there are some very good reasons as to why the regulation of broadcasting may be quite different from the regulation of the written press.

Press freedom has been highlighted time and time again as fundamental to democratic societies and to human rights. In this segment of the MOOC created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard considers how the principle of media regulation and pluralism and independence are implemented with regard to one particular form of media, the written press.

In two segments of the MOOC 'Freedom of Expression in the Age of Globalization' created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on an issue which is highly debated within the online community, the so called right to be forgotten or right to be de-indexed, widely criticized as an attack against freedom of expression. In this second segment, Agnès Callamard presents the arguments from both side of the debate. Those that support or oppose such a right, or it's global implementation. Dr. Callamard will end with some general conclusions regarding the right to be forgotten.

In two segments of the MOOC 'Freedom of Expression in the Age of Globalization' created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on an issue which is highly debated within the online community, the so called right to be forgotten or right to be de-indexed, widely criticized as an attack against freedom of expression. In this first segment Dr. Agnes Callamard will present various court decisions and policy development related to the right to be de-indexed. In the next segment Dr. Callamard will present various arguments from both side of the debate and we'll conclude with general conclusions.

In this segment of the MOOC 'Freedom of Expression in the Age of Globalization' created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard recalls what the right to freedom of expression entails and uses Article 19 of the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights as the driver of such discussion. 

In this segment of the MOOC 'Freedom of Expression in the Age of Globalization' created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard seeks to define what political speech means, she presents some examples of such speech, and the reaction they have elicited on the part of public authorities. Callamard then turns the attention to the protection of political debates and how courts around the world have sought to protect it.

In this segment of the MOOC 'Freedom of Expression in the Age of Globalization' created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard focuses on the implications of the protection for public and political officials. Indeed in the right to political expression is the object of enhanced protection. This means that political officials themselves can be the object of greater, possibly even offensive criticism than the average citizen.

In this segment of the MOOC 'Freedom of Expression in the Age of Globalization' created by Columbia Global Freedom of Expression, Agnès Callamard explores why freedom of expression and information matters, and the values and principles that are established through free speech. Specifically this video explores the relation of freedom of expression with Democracy and Development