Types of Expressions

Types of Expressions

The resources on this Module explore the nature and extent of freedom of expression through a focus on specific speech or speakers, such as political speech, art, or protest.  The readings will demonstrate the existence of a range of standards regarding their protection and regulation, largely enshrined in many regional and country practices, although not all.

10 items found, showing 21 - 10

Protest and Freedom of Association

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai
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The report (A/HRC/32/36) is divided into five sections. In section III, the Special Rapporteur “addresses the phenomenon of fundamentalism and its impact on the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. In section IV, he examines the positive role that assembly and association rights can play in preventing the spread of extremism and radicalization. The Special Rapporteur outlines his conclusions and his recommendations to various stakeholders in section V.” 

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai. Report on Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. A/HRC/32/36. 10 August. 2016.

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai , UN Special Rapporteur Christof Heyns
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The report (A/HRC/31/66) presents a “compilation of practical recommendations for the proper management of assemblies. In each section of the compilation the special rapporteurs provide a summary of applicable international legal standards, followed by practical recommendations on how those principles might be implemented, with the aim of ensuring better protection of the various rights of those engaged in assemblies.” 

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai, and the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Christof Heyns. Report on proper management of assemblies. A/HRC/31/66. 4 February 2016.

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai
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The report (A/HRC/23/39) is divided into five chapters. In “chapters III and IV, the Special Rapporteur addresses two issues he considers to be among the most significant ones of his mandate, namely funding of associations and holding of peaceful assemblies.” 

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai. Report on the ability of associations to access financial resources as a vital part of the right to freedom of association & ability to hold peaceful assemblies as an integral component of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. A/HRC/23/39. 24 April 2013.

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai
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 The report (A/68/299) “addresses concerns about the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the context of elections. The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned about increasing human rights violations and abuses, which are being committed in several parts of the world against those who exercise or seek to exercise such rights in the context of elections and which indelibly mar such elections.” 

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai. Report on the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the context of elections. A/68/299. 7 August 2013

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Annalisa Ciampi
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The report (A/72/135) is divided in seven sections. In section III, the Special Rapporteur “outlines the factors that shape her vision.” This section includes subsections on ‘freedom of peaceful assembly and of association as fundamental rights; ‘Democracy and freedom of peaceful assembly and of association; ‘Development and freedom of peaceful assembly and of association’. 

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Annalisa Ciampi. Report on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. A/72/135.14 July 2017.

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai
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The report (A/HRC/29/25) is divided in four sections. In section III, the Special Rapporteur “addresses legislation and practices concerning natural resource exploitation that present challenges to the exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association.” 

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai. Report on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the context of natural resource exploitation projects. A/HRC/29/25. 28 April 2015.

Author: UN Special Rapporteur Maina Kiai
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The report (A/71/385) “report examines the exercise and enjoyment of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace, with a focus on the most marginalized portions of the world’s labour force, including global supply chain workers, informal workers, migrant workers, domestic workers and others.”

UN, Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai. Report on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace. A/71/385. 14 September 2016.

Author: INFORM Human Rights Documentation Centre
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Published by the INFORM Human Rights Documentation Centre, based in Colombo, Sri Lanka, the report reviews the country’s human rights record in 2024. Drawing from its monthly reports on the repression of dissent, the Centre has documented relevant court cases, legal reforms, the Tamil community activists demanding accountability for war crimes, and discrimination against LGBTQI+ individuals. With regard to press freedom, the report refers to cases of persecution, assaults, attempted abductions, and surveillance targeting journalists. The government has also curtailed the public’s right to peaceful assembly. In a blow to digital rights and freedom of expression, last January, the controversial Online Safety Bill was passed by a majority vote, despite warnings from civil society. 

INFORM Human Rights Documentation Centre. Repression of Dissent in Sri Lanka: Annual Report 2024, INFORM Human Rights Documentation Centre, February 2025. https://www.inform.lk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/2024-Annual-Report.pdf

Author: Viasna
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The latest report by the Human Rights Center “Viasna,” published over the summer, provides an updated review of the crackdown on rights and freedoms in Belarus, covering the period from March 2023 to March 2024. The report shows that, under the pretext of tackling extremism and terrorism, the Belarusian authorities have been amending legislation and using it to ramp up repression. The report outlines applicable international standards, surveys national legislation, explains the practice of designating individuals and legal entities as “extremist” and “terrorist,” and unpacks criminal prosecution practices employed to restrict free speech – on charges from the dissemination of fakes to “insulting government officials” to hooliganism, among many others.

Viasna. Restrictions on Freedom of Expression under the Pretext of Fighting Extremism and Terrorism. Human Rights Center “Viasna,” 2024. https://spring96.org/files/book/en/restrictions_freedom_expression_2024.pdf

Author: UN Special Rapporteurs Maina Kiai and Christof Heyns
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This document is a " step-by-step checklist for monitoring implementation of the practical recommendations on the management of assemblies report by United Nations Special Rapporteurs Maina Kiai and Christof Heyns (A/HRC/31/66)"

UN Special Rapporteurs Maina Kiai and Christof Heyns, The 10 principles for the proper management of assemblies: checklist, 2016.